The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)

1. Liberalism

1. Believed in natural rights that governments must protect.
2. Supported civil liberties including freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment and guarantees for freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and religion.
3. Admired the British system of constitutional monarchy
4. Favored representative government
5. Opposed full democracy
6. Advocated economic individualism and opposed government intervention in the economy
7. Expressed little concern for the plight of urban workers.

2. Nationalism

1. Believed that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language.
2. Argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a nationality.
3. Insisted that a person’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state
4. Stirred powerful forces for change

3. Conservatism

1. Believed that national, historic, and religious traditions are the essential foundations of any society.
2. Traditional institutions of power
   1. Monarchy
   2. Aristocracy
   3. Church
   4. Patriarchal Family
3. Maintained that all change should be gradual
4. Appealed to those who were frightened by the social disorder, violence, and terror fomented by the French Revolution.